Hamilcar's victory opened communication with Utica, and gave Hamilcar the chance to bring nearby towns under Carthaginian control by force or negotiations. [64] In response, Hamilcar began to harass the rebel supply lines and soon the rebels were placed in a state of siege. Hamilcar then returned to Africa, where his mercenary troops, long unpaid, revolted in what is known as the Mercenaries War (or Truceless War). Carthage sent a mercenary force under Hanno to retake the island in 239 BC, but this group also rebelled, killing Hanno and their Carthaginian officers and joining the rebels in Sardinia. [122] By the power of his personal influence among the mercenaries and the surrounding African peoples, superior strategy and some luck, as well as cooperation, if unenthusiastic, from Hanno the Great, Hamilcar crushed the revolt by 237 BC amid a war marked with cruel atrocities from both sides.[123]. The Romans responded by blockading Hamilcar, but he seems to have been able to break out regularly and continue his guerrilla tactics. For at a time when some say Hannibal was black and others that he was white, De Sousa tells us (and other ancient Iberian historians agree) that Hamilcar Barca had taken a Lusitanian woman as bride and had children by her. Carthage will ransom all Punic prisoners, while all Roman prisoners would be freed without payment of ransom. However, Hamilcar stood out far above the Carthaginians of his age in military and diplomatic skill and in strength of patriotism; in these qualities he was surpassed only by his son Hannibal, whom he may have imbued with his own deep suspicion of Rome and trained to be his successor in the conflict. RM G15JXK - Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barca (247-183/182 BC) was a Carthaginian military commander and tactician generally considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. Hamilcar had at least three daughters and at least three sons. ; mortuus anno 228 a.C.n. However, the constant skirmishing without ultimate victory may have caused the morale of some of Hamilcar's troops to crack and 1,000 Celtic mercenaries tried to betray the Punic camp to the Romans, which was foiled. Hamilcar spent nine years in Spain. The Turdetani surrendered. Corn Fleuron T083009-22.png 1,086 649; 65 KB. Worst personality award: Nero/Caligula Worst influence award: Honorius (Reasons already stated, I pretty much agree) He doomed the other half though. Neither side would seek to recruit soldiers, levy tribute or build public buildings on the other power's territories. Whatever was the motivation behind this act, it was resented by the mercenaries left behind in Sicily. Certainly, tribute in money, if not men, was extracted from local cities and new silver mines were worked. When this was done in an ancient-history classroom at the University of Pennsylvania, Prof. William C. McDermott responded: "Yes, Hannibal was as black as King David." The great Carthaginian was. By 490 BC, Massalia had managed to defeat Carthage twice, and a boundary along Cape Nao in Iberia was agreed upon,[102] while Carthage had closed the Straits of Gibraltar to foreign shipping. Nothing is known of Hamilcar before he was given command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily in 247 during the First Punic War. According to Appian, Hamilcar was thrown from his horse and drowned in a river,[116] but Polybius says he fell in battle in an unknown corner of Iberia against an unnamed tribe. ". xxiv. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. He may have been responsible for creating the strategy which his son Hannibal implemented in the Second Punic War to bring the Roman Republic close to defeat. The cavalry and light infantry were in the middle, while the heavy infantry was posted furthest from the rebel army.[61]. These "Fabian tactics" continued until Hamilcar encamped in a valley, probably near Nepheris, and the rebels trapped his army, with the Libyans blocking the exit, Spendius and his troops camping near the Punic army and the Numidians covering Hamilcar's rear. When he was replaced by Hannibal in 221 BCE, the Carthaginians broke the territorial agreement with Rome of 226 BCE not to cross the River Ebro and attacked Rome's ally Saguntum (Sagunto). Please support World History Encyclopedia. Hanno the Great was aligned with them and they espoused peaceful relations with Rome, even at the cost of abandoning overseas territories. After the establishment of Akra Leuke, Hamilcar began to move northwest but no records of his campaigns exist. Training for the army was obtained in some Numidian forays, then Hamilcar marched the army westwards to the Pillars of Hercules. The rebel loss was 8,000 dead with 4,000 captured. Hamilcar was a Carthaginian commander whose greatest achievement was winning the Battle of Drepanum in 249 BC during the First Punic War. The coin presented does not appear to favor the features of either. After lots of digging and research, it has been proven that the renowned Hannibal was African and Black. He was appointed commander in chief in Sicily in 247 B.C., when, after 18 years of fighting, the Carthaginian forces were at their lowest. Hamilcar Barca gathered the Carthaginian soldiers from Drepana and Eryx at Lilybaeum, surrendered his command,[48] returned to Carthage and retired to private life, leaving Gisco and the Carthaginian government to pay off his soldiers. Second Punic War In 228 BCE, Hamilcar was killed in battle and command of the Carthaginian army went to his son-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair (l. c. 270-221 BCE). As the strain on the Punic population increased, Carthaginian authorities then sent them off to Sicca, planning to plead with the whole army to forgo their unpaid wages by pointing out the dire financial situation of Carthage. The answer was Spain. After weeks of maneuvering, Hamilcar finally managed to trap about 40,000 rebels in a valley surrounded on three sides by mountains.[66]. Roman occupation of Sardinia, and then Corsica, indicated the untrustworthiness of Romans and their willingness to meddle when they saw fit regardless of treaties between the powers. He supplemented his original force of some 25,000 with local recruits and amassed a 50,000-strong army which included a corps of Numidian cavalry (supplied by Prince Naravas) and 100 elephants. [68] Hamilcar retreated north near the mouth of the Bagradas River, while Matho crucified his prisoners on the same crosses Hamilcar had used to crucify the rebel leaders, then retreated out of Tunis and moved south. Rome, which had dealt with Carthage with all due honor and courtesy during the crisis, going as far as to release all Punic prisoners without ransom and refuse to accept offers from Utica and Rebels mercenaries based in Sardinia to incorporate these territories into the Roman domain, seized Sardinia and Corsica and forced Carthage to pay 1,200 talents for her initial refusal to renounce her claim over the islands. Of the eight coins, only five coins are not recognized by European archeologists and historians. By winter of 240 BC, the situation had improved for Carthage. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Miles, Richard, Carthage Must be Destroyed, p. 198. d. 229 or 228 BC, Carthaginian general. [35] Hamilcar had to promise considerable rewards to keep the morale of his army up, which was to produce near fatal problems for Carthage later on. Hamilcar killed his prisoners and announced a policy of equal measure toward future rebel prisoners, thus ending any chance of desertion from the rebel army and the truceless war began in earnest. [43], Lutatius did not have the authority to ratify the agreement he made with Hamilcar, so he forwarded them to the Comitia Centuriata in Rome. Carthage would evacuate all islands between Italy and Sicily probably the Aegates Islands in addition to the. Carthaginians may have taken control of the mining operations and introduced new technologies to increase production. America's Black dilemma J.-C.) tait un gnral carthaginois actif lors de la premire guerre punique (264-241 av. Hamilcar Barca Kordas (Public Domain) Hamilcar Barca (c. 285 - c. 228 BCE) was a Carthaginian general active in the First Punic War (264-241 BCE). The rebels mutilated prisoners, and Hamilcar had his captives trampled on by elephants. Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian land forces in Sicily from 247BC to 241BC, during the latter stages of the First Punic War. He was the father of Hannibal Barca who continued his father's tactics and won major land battles in Italy during the Second Punic War. Four years of constant campaigns, details of which are not known, saw Hamilcar subdue the area between Gades and Cape Nao. Hamilcar Barca, Kartacallarn lideri olan Hamilcar Barca, Roma'ya kar Sicilya adasnda baarl mcadeleler gstermitir. They managed to take over all Punic territories in Sardinia. Hanno sailed to Utica in the spring of 241 BC, obtained siege equipment from the city and overran the rebel camp, the rebels fleeing before the charging Punic elephants. World History Encyclopedia. Hamilcar offered to allow all the rebels to depart freely with a single garment, but retained the right to detain 10 persons. Hamilcar exited the valley and, after a hard-fought battle, defeated the army of Spendius. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. [59], It is not exactly known how Hamilcar managed to outwit the rebels. Hamirukaru Barukasu) (also: Hamical Balcus, Hamilcar Valkus) known as Barcas 'The Elder' (, Barukasu ), he is one of the main antagonists of Guyver: Bioboosted Armour and the co-founder of Chronos, the third eldest member of theCouncil of Twelve, as well as Chronos's most brilliant scientist. The relations between Carthage and the Iberian Peninsula have mainly been viewed from the perspective of military domination. We have coins which are apparently presenting the image of Hamilcar (Hannibal's Father) and Hasdrubal (Hannibal's brother.) 3rd-century BCE Carthaginian statesman and general, father of Hannibal, sfn error: no target: CITEREFScullard2006 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBagnall1999 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGoldsworthy2006 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFRankov2015 (, Diodorus Siculus 24.10, Polybius 1.73.1, 1.72.3. In this war unbelievable atrocities were committed on both sides. Hamilcar was a common Punic name; in fact, another general of the same name preceded him in command. In an effort to reestablish their position, they decided to make a scapegoat of Hamilcar Barca. Monolito Amilcar Elche Sierra.jpg 640 480; 43 KB. Carthage was hit by a series of disasters in 239 BC: her fleet and supply flotilla bringing supplies from Empoia was sunk in a storm, the mercenaries in Sardinia rebelled and the cities of Utica and Hippo Acra killed their Punic garrisons and defected to the rebels. 68, 69, Punica Barcino, Goldsworthy, Adrian, The Fall of Carthage, pp95, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamilcar_Barca&oldid=1118409183, Carthaginian commanders of the First Punic War, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with German-language sources (de), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. He was one of the greatest military commanders in history. Since the coin was found near Lake Trasimene where Hannibal defeated the Romans, this fact offers good confirmation that coins image resembled Hannibals real ethnic appearance because one of way of celebrating a victory in ancient warfare was to have a coin minted in your honor and showing yourself as your enemys deity. (The origins of Carthage go back to the city of Tabarka, present-day Tunisia). Worldhistory.us - For those who want to understand the History, not just to read it. While Hamilcar campaigned in Iberia, Rome was entangled in Sardinia, Corsica and Liguria, where the natives had put up stiff resistance against Roman occupation campaigns had been fought in these areas between 236 231 BC to retain and expand Roman dominion. He defeated Rome 's allies at the Battle of Thermae in 259 BC and killed 4,000-6,000 of them with the help of surprise and good use of military intelligence. [11] It was to be seven years before Rome again attempted to field a substantial fleet.[12][13]. The Book of Weapons; Dwight Jon Zimmerman; 2009. Until the rise to power of his son Hannibal, Hamilcar was the finest commander and statesman that Carthage had produced. While Hamilcar won no large-scale battle or recaptured any cities lost to the Romans, he waged a relentless campaign against the enemy, and caused a constant drain on Roman resources. 275-228 BC. World History Encyclopedia. By the winter of 238 BC, the Mercenary revolt was over. Their choice to minimize the Sicilian operations while Hamilcar was in command, reduce the navy and support Hanno the Great's conquests in Africa, all of which were causes for the ultimate defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War. From that area he mounted naval expeditions against the shores of Sicily and southern Italy. Using a blend of terror and diplomacy Hamilcar relentlessly expanded his control over southern Spain. The aristocratic party had dominated Carthaginian politics since 248 BC. Hamilcar Barca, Barca also spelled Barcas, (died winter 229/228 bce ), general who assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War with Rome (264-241 bce ). Still, without a significant force at his disposal (fewer than 20,000 men) and despite Polybius' praise that he was the best Carthaginian general of the war, Hamilcar's effect on the conflict was ultimately a limited one. Hamlicar bristled at the terms of the treaty, which obligated Carthage to pay Rome a huge indemnity and to surrender all land in Sicily. Hamilcar aimed to attack the small rebel band holding the bridge, but Spendius led the rebel force besieging Utica to confront Hamilcar. To preempt the danger he issued a challenge in front of the city for single combat between him and the Skaven horde. Hanno marshaled his soldiers, but twice failed to engage the rebels under favorable conditions and twice failed to surprise them on other occasions. Newest results. Deprived of leadership, and unaware of the pact, the mercenaries suspected treachery; the Libyans were the first to attack Hamilcar's positions. [54], The rebels held the hills to the west of Carthage and the only bridge across the Bagradas river leading to Utica. This led to the Second Punic War and Hannibal taking the army across the Alps into Italy. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Hamilcar ( Punic: , MLK) [1] was a general who succeeded to the command of the Carthaginians in the First Punic War. Web. #1. He is of average height for a gladiator, has tawny skin, and well-trimmed black hair with a small beard. Hamilcar was appointed commander in chief in Sicily in 247 BC, when, after 18 years of fighting, the Carthaginian forces were at their lowest. Iussit hortos claros Hamilcaris fieri qui stabant " Megarae, suburbio Carthaginis". There was no other city like it. Gisco sensibly sent the troops to Carthage in small groups with intervals in between[49] so the government could pay them off without trouble. Hannibal Barca was probably a black Carthaginian military commander; he became famous for his crossing of the Alps, his strategic brilliance before taking on major campaigns, his tactical genius on the battlefield, and his operational prowess during combat. . J.-C. avant de retourner l'tranger, o il russit tendre les intrts carthaginois dans le sud de l'Espagne. He was also fatherinlaw to Hasdrubal the Fair. He employed combined arms tactics, like Alexander and Pyrrhus,[20] and his strategy was similar to the one employed by Quintus Fabius Maximus in the Second Punic War, ironically against Hannibal, the eldest son of Hamilcar Barca, in Italy during 217 BC. The Carthaginian government then raised an army of 10,000 soldiers and 70 elephants and put Hamilcar Barca in command. Hamilcar had three sons, Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago, who were all to have distinguished military careers. Whatever direct territorial control Carthage had had in the past in Iberia,[98] this had been mostly lost by this time as Hamilcar was "re-establishing Carthaginian authority in Iberia". Hamilcar in turn nominated Gisco,[38] the Carthaginian commander of Lilybaeum, to conduct the talks. [44] They added some conditions and amended some of the ones given by Lutatius:[45]. Hamilcar's army was saved by pure luck a Numidian chieftain, Naravas, who would later marry Hamilcar's third daughter, defected with 2,000 horsemen. He is responsible for designing and . The end finally came on 10th March 241 BCE when the Romans defeated a Carthaginian fleet led by Hanno sent to relieve the besieged city of Drepana off the Aegates Islands (Isole Egadi). Commercial Artist, Barber, Sign Language Interpreter, Blind Mobility Aide. Hamilcar retired to Carthage after the peace treaty in 241 BC, following the defeat of Carthage. [89] Hasdrubal the Fair and Hannibal, then a child of nine, accompanied Hamilcar; it is not known who led Hamilcar's supporters in Carthage in the absence of Hamilcar and Hasdrubal. According to Polybius, the causes of the Second Punic war were as follows: Based on this, and Hannibal's oath, some historians infer that Hamilcar's post-Mercenary War activities were aimed at eventual war with Rome, which was inherited by his sons, and some further suggested that Hamilcar devised the strategy of invading Italy by crossing the Alps as well as Hannibal's battle tactics. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. As a primarily mounted general in Evony, Hamilcar Barca has mounted buffs of 20% in total when all specialties are maxed out. America's Black dilemma [Barca, Hamilcar] on Amazon.com. No. Hamilcar probably fought an inconclusive battle at Drepanum,[22] but there is cause to doubt this.[24]. The last condition is mentioned by Polybius in place of the one regarding not making war on Syracuse. Hamilcar was in a secure enough position in Iberia to send Hasdrubal the Fair with an army to Africa to quell a Numidian rebellion in 236 BC. The initial conditions laid out by Lutatius to Gisco were:[40], Hamilcar Barca refused the demand to surrender Roman deserters or disarm Carthaginian soldiers, despite being threatened by Lutatius to have the Punic army pass under the yoke. Rebels opposing this were stoned and Gisco and his fellow prisoners were tortured to death. Hamilcar Barca (ca. ; Carthaginian general; commanded Carthage's forces in Sicily (247-241) during the First Punic War against Rome; traveled to Spain (237) to rebuild Carthaginian influences there; drowned during the withdrawal from the siege of Helice in 229) Our Team This army was small for leading a sortie against the stronger rebel forces, especially to lead into a pitched battle. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! [16] As a result, Hamilcar was given a fairly small army and the Carthaginian fleet was gradually withdrawn; Carthage put most of its ships into reserve to save money and free up manpower,[12][13] so by 242 BC, Carthage had no ships to speak of in Sicily.[17]. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. The milder terms Rome had given to Carthage in the aftermath of the First Punic War, and the friendly conduct of Rome during the mercenary war might have raised the possibility of a long period of peace between the two powers, but the seizure of Sardinia destroyed any real chance of peace among equals. 116117, Goldsworthy, Adrian, The Fall of Carthage, p135-36, Lazenby, J.F, The First Punic War, p. 175. The soldiers refused to accept Hamilcar as an arbitrator, angered by his refusal to accompany his army from Sicily and retiring to Carthage as soon as the treaty with Rome was formalized, and although Carthage at this point conceded to all their demands, things soon boiled over and started the conflict known as the Mercenary War. Autaritus spread the rumor that Carthaginian prisoners led by Gisco were plotting to escape. Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian land forces in Sicily from 247 BC to 241 BC, during the latter stages of the First Punic War. Hamilcar's immediate objective was to secure access to the gold and silver mines of Sierra Morena, either by direct and indirect control. The difference was that Fabius commanded a numerically superior army to his opponent, had no supply problems, and had room to manoeuvre, while Hamilcar was mostly static, had a far smaller army than the Romans and was dependent on seaborne supplies from Carthage. Rebel leaders feared mass desertions might result because of Hamilcar's policy towards prisoners. Related Content We care about our planet! Italy. Hamilcar offered the prisoners a choice to join his army, or leave Africa with the condition never to take up arms against Carthage. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. vii. Elsewhere, things did not go so well. It is possible that Hamilcar Barca secured the last clause after the initial conditions, which were more favorable to Carthage, was altered by Rome with a harsher one. Il mata ensuite une rbellion plus proche de chez lui entre 241 et 237 av. In addition to maintaining a fleet and soldiers in Sicily, they were also fighting the Libyans and Numidians in northern Africa. Punic Mercenaries stationed in Sardinia had rebelled in 239 BC, besieged Boaster and all Carthaginians in a citadel and later executed them after the fort fell. Hamilcar Barca ( #89-A-8926 ) < Previous Employment Profile Next Employment Profile > Employment; Skills. Hamilcar Barca 275-228 BC In respect of individual courage the Romans were far superior, but the general who must be acknowledged as the greatest on either side, both in daring and in genius, was Hamilcar, surnamed Barca. Thus, in 241, the First Punic War drew to a close with the establishment of a new imperial power in the West. Media in category "Hamilcar Barca". Nothing had come of these supposed episodes and some scholars doubt their authenticity. He made no attempt to join Hanno near Utica. [79] The influence Hamilcar enjoyed among the people and the opposition party enabled him to avoid standing trial. Hamilcar had indeed got his wish that the Barcid line would be no friend of Rome. Syracuse redoubled the volume of supplies sent to Carthage.

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